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WAITER: Hi and welcome to Roberto’s. Are you ready to order?
GUEST: Not yet, give us a second, please
WAITER: No problem. I’ll be back in a couple of minutes…. (AFTER A COUPLE OF MINUTES) What would you like to order?
GUEST: How big are your portions?
WAITER: Very big, you’ll definitely get full 
GUEST: Perfect. And what does each order come with ( = include)?
WAITER: Each order includes fries or a salad.
GUEST: OK. I’ll have the chicken breast, and for my wife… the trout.
WAITER: Great. And would you like fries or salad with that?
GUEST: Fries for me and a salad for my wife.
1) can
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| ability to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be able to) | I can speak English. |
| permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) | Can I go to the cinema? |
| request | Can you wait a moment, please? |
| offer | I can lend you my car till tomorrow. |
| suggestion | Can we visit Grandma at the weekend? |
| possibility | It can get very hot in Arizona. |
2) could
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to) | I could speak English. |
| permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to) | I could go to the cinema. |
| polite question * | Could I go to the cinema, please? |
| polite request * | Could you wait a moment, please? |
| polite offer * | I could lend you my car till tomorrow. |
| polite suggestion * | Could we visit Grandma at the weekend? |
| possibility * | It could get very hot in Montana. |
3) may
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| possibility | It may rain today. |
| permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) | May I go to the cinema? |
| polite suggestion | May I help you? |
4) might
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| possibility (less possible than may) * | It might rain today. |
| hesitant offer * | Might I help you? |
5) must
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| force, necessity | I must go to the supermarket today. |
| possibility | You must be tired. |
| advice, recommendation | You must see the new film with Brad Pitt. |
6) must not/may not
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| prohibition | You mustn’t work on dad’s computer. You may not work on dad’s computer. |
7) need not
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| not necessary | I needn’t go to the supermarket, we’re going to the restaurant tonight. |
8) ought to
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| advice | You ought to drive carefully in bad weather. |
| obligation | You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room. |
9) shall
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| suggestion | Shall I carry your bag? |
10) should
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| advice | You should drive carefully in bad weather. |
| obligation | You should switch off the light when you leave the room. |
11) will
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would) | Will you please shut the door? |
| prediction, assumption | I think it will rain on Friday. |
| promise | I will stop smoking. |
| spontaneous decision | Can somebody drive me to the station? – I will. |
| habits | She’s strange, she’ll sit for hours without talking. |
12) would
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| wish, request (more polite than will) | Would you shut the door, please? |
| habits in the past | Sometimes he would bring me some flowers. |
Menurut David Wechsler, inteligensi adalah kemampuan untuk bertindak secara terarah, berpikir secara rasional, dan menghadapi lingkungannya secara efektif. secara garis besar dapat disimpulkan bahwa inteligensi adalah suatu kemampuan mental yang melibatkan proses berpikir secara rasional. Oleh karena itu, inteligensi tidak dapat diamati secara langsung, melainkan harus disimpulkan dari berbagai tindakan nyata yang merupakan manifestasi dari proses berpikir rasional itu.
Adapun faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi inteligensi adalah :
Faktor bawaan atau keturunan
Penelitian membuktikan bahwa korelasi nilai tes IQ dari satu keluarga sekitar 0,50. Sedangkan di antara 2 anak kembar, korelasi nilai tes IQnya sangat tinggi, sekitar 0,90. Bukti lainnya adalah pada anak yang diadopsi. IQ mereka berkorelasi sekitar 0,40 – 0,50 dengan ayah dan ibu yang sebenarnya, dan hanya 0,10 – 0,20 dengan ayah dan ibu angkatnya. Selanjutnya bukti pada anak kembar yang dibesarkan secara terpisah, IQ mereka tetap berkorelasi sangat tinggi, walaupun mungkin mereka tidak pernah saling kenal.
Faktor lingkungan
Walaupun ada ciri-ciri yang pada dasarnya sudah dibawa sejak lahir, ternyata lingkungan sanggup menimbulkan perubahan-perubahan yang berarti. Inteligensi tentunya tidak bisa terlepas dari otak. Perkembangan otak sangat dipengaruhi oleh gizi yang dikonsumsi. Selain gizi, rangsangan-rangsangan yang bersifat kognitif emosional dari lingkungan juga memegang peranan yang amat penting.
Inteligensi dan IQ
Orang seringkali menyamakan arti inteligensi dengan IQ, padahal kedua istilah ini mempunyai perbedaan arti yang sangat mendasar. Arti inteligensi sudah dijelaskan di depan, sedangkan IQ atau tingkatan dari Intelligence Quotient, adalah skor yang diperoleh dari sebuah alat tes kecerdasan. Dengan demikian, IQ hanya memberikan sedikit indikasi mengenai taraf kecerdasan seseorang dan tidak menggambarkan kecerdasan seseorang secara keseluruhan.
Skor IQ mula-mula diperhitungkan dengan membandingkan umur mental (Mental Age) dengan umur kronologik (Chronological Age). Bila kemampuan individu dalam memecahkan persoalan-persoalan yang disajikan dalam tes kecerdasan (umur mental) tersebut sama dengan kemampuan yang seharusnya ada pada individu seumur dia pada saat itu (umur kronologis), maka akan diperoleh skor 1. Skor ini kemudian dikalikan 100 dan dipakai sebagai dasar perhitungan IQ. Tetapi kemudian timbul masalah karena setelah otak mencapai kemasakan, tidak terjadi perkembangan lagi, bahkan pada titik tertentu akan terjadi penurunan kemampuan.
Pengukuran Inteligensi
Pada tahun 1904, Alfred Binet dan Theodor Simon, 2 orang psikolog asal Perancis merancang suatu alat evaluasi yang dapat dipakai untuk mengidentifikasi siswa-siswa yang memerlukan kelas-kelas khusus (anak-anak yang kurang pandai). Alat tes itu dinamakan Tes Binet-Simon. Tes ini kemudian direvisi pada tahun 1911.
Tahun 1916, Lewis Terman, seorang psikolog dari Amerika mengadakan banyak perbaikan dari tes Binet-Simon. Sumbangan utamanya adalah menetapkan indeks numerik yang menyatakan kecerdasan sebagai rasio (perbandingan) antara mental age dan chronological age. Hasil perbaikan ini disebut Tes Stanford_Binet. Indeks seperti ini sebetulnya telah diperkenalkan oleh seorang psikolog Jerman yang bernamaWilliam Stern, yang kemudian dikenal dengan Intelligence Quotient atau IQ. Tes Stanford-Binet ini banyak digunakan untuk mengukur kecerdasan anak-anak sampai usia 13 tahun.
Salah satu reaksi atas tes Binet-Simon atau tes Stanford-Binet adalah bahwa tes itu terlalu umum. Seorang tokoh dalam bidang ini, Charles Sperrman mengemukakan bahwa inteligensi tidak hanya terdiri dari satu faktor yang umum saja (general factor), tetapi juga terdiri dari faktor-faktor yang lebih spesifik. Teori ini disebut Teori Faktor (Factor Theory of Intelligence). Alat tes yang dikembangkan menurut teori faktor ini adalah WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) untuk orang dewasa, dan WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) untuk anak-anak.
Di samping alat-alat tes di atas, banyak dikembangkan alat tes dengan tujuan yang lebih spesifik, sesuai dengan tujuan dan kultur di mana alat tes tersebut dibuat.
Inteligensi dan Bakat
Inteligensi merupakan suatu konsep mengenai kemampuan umum individu dalam menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungannya. Dalam kemampuan yang umum ini, terdapat kemampuan-kemampuan yang amat spesifik. Kemampuan-kemampuan yang spesifik ini memberikan pada individu suatu kondisi yang memungkinkan tercapainya pengetahuan, kecakapan, atau ketrampilan tertentu setelah melalui suatu latihan. Inilah yang disebut Bakat atau Aptitude. Karena suatu tes inteligensi tidak dirancang untuk menyingkap kemampuan-kemampuan khusus ini, maka bakat tidak dapat segera diketahui lewat tes inteligensi.
Alat yang digunakan untuk menyingkap kemampuan khusus ini disebut tes bakatatau aptitude test. Tes bakat yang dirancang untuk mengungkap prestasi belajar pada bidang tertentu dinamakan Scholastic Aptitude Test dan yang dipakai di bidang pekerjaan adalah Vocational Aptitude Test dan Interest Inventory. Contoh dari Scholastic Aptitude Test adalah tes Potensi Akademik (TPA) dan Graduate Record Examination (GRE). Sedangkan contoh dari Vocational Aptitude Test atau Interest Inventory adalah Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) dan Kuder Occupational Interest Survey.
Inteligensi dan Kreativitas
Kreativitas merupakan salah satu ciri dari perilaku yang inteligen karena kreativitas juga merupakan manifestasi dari suatu proses kognitif. Meskipun demikian, hubungan antara kreativitas dan inteligensi tidak selalu menunjukkan bukti-bukti yang memuaskan. Walau ada anggapan bahwa kreativitas mempunyai hubungan yang bersifat kurva linear dengan inteligensi, tapi bukti-bukti yang diperoleh dari berbagai penelitian tidak mendukung hal itu. Skor IQ yang rendah memang diikuti oleh tingkat kreativitas yang rendah pula. Namun semakin tinggi skor IQ, tidak selalu diikuti tingkat kreativitas yang tinggi pula. Sampai pada skor IQ tertentu, masih terdapat korelasi yang cukup berarti. Tetapi lebih tinggi lagi, ternyata tidak ditemukan adanya hubungan antara IQ dengan tingkat kreativitas.
Para ahli telah berusaha mencari tahu mengapa ini terjadi. J. P. Guilford menjelaskan bahwa kreativitas adalah suatu proses berpikir yang bersifat divergen, yaitu kemampuan untuk memberikan berbagai alternatif jawaban berdasarkan informasi yang diberikan. Sebaliknya, tes inteligensi hanya dirancang untuk mengukur proses berpikir yang bersifat konvergen, yaitu kemampuan untuk memberikan satu jawaban atau kesimpulan yang logis berdasarkan informasi yang diberikan. Ini merupakan akibat dari pola pendidikan tradisional yang memang kurang memperhatikan pengembangan proses berpikir divergen walau kemampuan ini terbukti sangat berperan dalam berbagai kemajuan yang dicapai oleh ilmu pengetahuan.
A: Excuse me, is there a computer store around here? (Permisi, apakah ada toko komputer di sekitar sini?)
B: Yeah. There is one right across the street. (Iya, ada tepat di seberang jalan itu)
A: Can you tell me how to get to Monas? (Bisakah Anda menunjukkan jalan ke Monas?)
B: Sorry. I don’t live around here. (Maaf, saya tidak tinggal sekitar sini)
A: Where’s Kartini’s Garment Shop? (Dimana Toko Baju Kartini?)
B: It is on the corner of the street. Next to the post office. (Di sudut jalan itu. Disamping kantor pos)
A: How do you get to cinema? (Bagaimana jalan menuju ke bioskop?)
B: Go straight down this street. Turn left when you get to Rambutan Street. Stay on Rambutan Street for half a block. It’s on the right hand side. (Lurus lewat jalan ini. Belok kiri ketika sampai di Jl. Rambutan. Tetap di Jl. Rambutan sampai setengah blok. Di sebelah kanan itu bioskop)
Orang tua memiliki peran yang sangat besar dalam mendidik psikologi perkembangan anak sangat besar, karena psikologi atau kejiwaannya memiliki kesensitifan yang tinggi. Dengan orang tua turun langsung memberikan pendekatan dalam hal mendidik akan membuat anak lebih yakin dan berani menhadapai semua tantangan belajar.
Karena cenderung psikologi perkembangan anak pada masa perkembangan itu memiliki sifat ketergantungan, yakni yang lebih spesifiknya masih belum ingin jauh dari orang tua. Pada masa perkembangan di usia 6 tahun si anak biasa baru mulai akan memiliki jarak dengan orang tua (terutama ibu) karena mungkin tempat tidur yang di pisah dan lain sebagainya. Untuk kondisi ini orang tua harus lebih memahami dan melakukan pendekatan secara emosional yang lebih intim meskipun dengan pemisahan-pemisahan tadi secara kejiwaan tetap terkait erat.
Orang Tua Berperan Besar Dalam Psikologi Perkembangan Anak
Peran orang tua memang sangat besar dalam psikologi perkembangan anak, mereka juga harus banyak belajar bagaimana menjadi orang tua yang selalu diinginan kehadirannya. Banyak sekali jika kita melihat anak yang begitu enggan berbicara dengan orang tua atau bercengkrama dengan orang tua karena psikologi perkembangan anak tersebut mengalami keterbelakangan yang dalam artian si anak ketakutan terhdap tuntutan-tuntutan yang di berikan oleh orang tua.
Sebenarnya orang tua tidak boleh melakukan penunututan yang berlebihan sehingga membuat si anak menjadi ketakutan dan akhirnya justru menjaga jarak dengan orang tua. Mulai tidak jujur, tidak komunikatif lebih senang menyendiri dan autis. Permasalah psikologi perkembangan anak sudah ada sejak lama, namun karena orang tua Indonesia kita tahu sendiri angka pendidikan yang mencapai perguruan tinggi sangat minim, sebenarnya bagi orang tua yang putus sekolah dan tidak tahu cara membangun karakter atau psikologi perkembangan anak seharusnya bisa mencari informasi melalui buku dan internet.
Perkembangan jaman semakin modern tidak ada alasan untuk orang tidak mengetahui sesuatu yang belum diketahuinya. Karena jendela ilmu yang saat ini sangat terbuka memungkinkan orang memiliki hal atau kemampuan yang sama dalam melakukan sesuatu. Ternyata yang belajar bukan hanya anak, anda sebagai orang tua pun di tuntut untuk mendidik anak, karena dalam silsilah anda tetap generasi yang pertama memiliki anak dari diri anda sendiri. Pengetahuan tentang psikologi perkembangan anak tidak hanya untuk ibu sang ayahpun haru tahu bagaimana membangun psikologi perkembangan anak yang baik.
seperti kita ketahui bahwa Tenses adalah bentuk waktu yang biasa kita gunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.Karena dengan Tenses kita bisa menggunakan kalimat yang sesuai dengan keadaan. Misalnya, keadaan yang biasa kita lakukan, sedang berlangsung,akan kita lakukan ,lampau dan lain-lain.
Pemakaian kata kerja yang dipergunakan untuk suatu perbuatan yang dilakukan dengan kebiasaan, berbeda dengan pemakaian kata kerja yang dipergunakan dalam kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dan kata kerja di pergunakan untuk perbuatan lampau, itu juga berbeda. Tapi, kita harus ingat Cuma yang beda hanya bentuknya saja.
Tenses yang dipergunakan dalam bahasa Inggris itu jumlahnya ada 16 waktu, yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan “16 tenses “. Maka lebih jelasnya perhatikan bentuk-bentuk waktu berikut:
1 PRESENT TENSE
2 PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
3 PAST TENSE
4 PAST CONTINOUS TENSE
5 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
6 PAST FUTURE TENSE
7 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
8 PAST PERFECT TENSE
9 FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSE
10 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE
11 PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE
12 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
13 FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE
14 FUTURE PAST CONTINOUS TENSE
15 FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSE
16 FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE
Berikut ini adalah contoh-contoh tenses sebagai berikut:
PRESENT TENSES
*Rumus:
1) Positif (+) = S+V1(es/s)+O
2) Negatif (-) = S+Do/does+Not+V1+O
3) Introgatif(?) =Do/does+S+V1+O
*Example:
1. (+) He writes a letter every month
(-) He doesn’t writes a letter every month
(?) Dors he writes a letter every month?
2. (+) She teaches English every week
(- ) She doesn’t teaches English every week
(?) Does she teaches English every week?
3.(+) They studys matematic every day
(- ) They don’t studys matematic every day
(?) Do they studys matematic every day?
4.(+) She works in the office every Monday to Saturday
(- ) She doesn’t works in the office every Monday to Saturday
(?) Does she works in the office every Monday to Saturday?
5.(+) They go to Jakarta every years
(- ) They don’t go to Jakarta every years
(? ) Do they go to Jakarta every years?
B.FUNGSI PRESENT TENSES
1. Dilakukan untuk melakukan perbuatan kebiasaan:
Ex:(+) He is works every day
(-) He is not works every day
(?) Is he works every day?
2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum:
Ex:(+) A week has seven day
(-) A week has not seven day
(?) Has a week seven day?
C. Time Signal
1. Usually
Ex: I usually get up at 5 o’clock
2. Always
Ex: I always drink milk
3. Often
Ex: I often goes to my grand mother house
4. Generally
Ex: A rectangular has four corner
5. Seldom
Ex: She seldom goes to school by car
PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif : S+V.ing+O
2. Negatif : S+do/does+not+V1+O
3. Introgatif : Do/does +S+V1+O
*Example:
1. (+) I am teaching English at the first grade of SMK 2 MEI
(-) I am not teaching English at the first grade of SMK 2 MEI
(?) Am I teaching Englidh at the first grade of SMK 2 MEI?
2. (+) you are writing present continous now
(-) you are not writing present continous now
(?) are you writing present continous now?
3. (+) we are learning tenses now
(-) we are not learning tenses now
(?) are we learning tenses now?
4. (+) I am going to school now
(-) I am not going to school now
(?) Am I going to school now?
5. (+) Daus and Anis are running now
(-) Daus and Anis are not running now
(?) are Daus and Anis running now?
B. FUNGSI PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang terjadi
Ex: (+) I am going to Jakarta Now
(-) I am not going to Jakarta now
(?) Am I going to Jakarta now?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang bersifat sementara
Ex: (+) Chindy is writing now but he will explain soon
(-) Chindy is not writing now but he will explain soon
(?) Is Chindy writing now but he will explain soon?
C.TIME SIGNAL
1. Today
Ex : Iam today teaching English
2. Right now
Ex : Rini is working right now
3. When
Ex : Rina is coming hear when I go to park
4. Now
Ex : Roy is going to Bandung now
5. Still
Ex : He is still angry to me
PAST TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+) : S+V2+O
Negatif (-) : S+Did not+V2+O
Introgatif (?): Did+S+V2+O
*Example:
1. (+) Sarah invite me last week
(-) Sarah did not invite last week
(?) Did Sarah invite last week?
2. (+) I went to Jakarta yesterday
(-) I went not to Jakarta yesterday
(?) went I to Jakarta yesterday?
3. (+) You watch tv last week
(-) You did not watch tv last week
(?) Did you watch tv last week?
4. (+) I wrote letter to her last week
(-) I wrote not letter her last week
(?) Wrotw I letter her last week?
5. (+) It rain since at five o’clock
(-) It did not rain since at five o’clock
(?) Did it rain since at five o’clock?
B. FUNGSI PENGGUNAAN PAST TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang dimulai dan kejadian ituberakhir , pada masa yang lampau. Dan sampai sekarang ini , sudah tidak ada hubungannya lagi. Kejadian yang lampau itu, baik dilakukan secara berkali-kali atau sekali.
Ex: (+) I went yesterday
(-) I did not went yesterday
(?) Did I went yesterday?
C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Last Year
Ex: I went to Yogjakarta last year
2. Yesterday
Ex: Dini went to my home yesterday
3. Last Week
Ex: I fineshed my worked lasr week
4. Ago
Ex: She taught English three days ago
5. Last Saturday
Ex: I went to here last Saturday
PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+was/were+vVing+O
2. Negatif (-): S+was/were+not+v.ing+o
3. introgatif (?): was/were+S+v.ing+o
*Examp;e:
1. (+)The third year student were sitting behind the teacher’s now yesterday
(-) The third year student were not sitting behind the teacher’s now yesrterday
(?) Were the third year student sitting behind the teacher’s now yesterday?
2. (+) He was playing football yesterday
(-) He was not playing football yesterday
(?) was he playing football yesterday?
3. (+) They were working in the office yesterday
(-) They were not working in the office yesterday
(?) Were they working in the office yesterday?
4. (+) Tuti was reading a novel when I come yesterday
(-) Tuti was not reading a novel when I come yesterday
(?) was Tuti reading a novel when I come yesterday?
5. (+) They were studying Biologi at ten O’clock last Friday
(-) They were not studying Biologi at ten o’clock last Friday
(?) were they studying Biologi at temn o’clock last Friday?
B. FUNGSI PENGGUNAAN PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang sedang berlangsungdalam waktu yang bersamaan di masa yang lampau.
Ex: (+) I was going to garden when it began to rain
(-) I was not going to garden when it began to rain
(?) Was I going to garden when it gegan to rain?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung pada masa yang lampau.
Ex: (+) at three o’clock last week, She was reading
(-) at three o’clock last week,She was not reading
(?) at three o’clock last week,was she reading?
c. Bentuk ini, juga digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang bersamaan waktu dan berlangsung lama pada masa yang lampau.
Ex: (+) I was reading a book, while Ani writing a letter
(-) I was not reading a book,while Ani writing a letter
(?) Was I reading a book,while Ani writing a letter?
C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Last Week
Ex: at seven o’clock last week
2. Yesterday
Ex: all day yesterday
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+shall+/will+V1+O
2. Negatif(-): S+shall/will+not+V1+O
3. Introgatif (?): Shall/will+S+V1+O
*Example:
1. (+) He will go to Pasir Panjang tomorrow morning
(-) He will not go to Pasir Panjang tomorrow morning
(?) Will he go to pasir Panjang tomorrow morning?
2. (+) I shall study hard next mounth
(-) I shall not study hard next mounth
(?) Shall I study hard next mounth?
3. (+) I am go to Singkawang tomorrow
(-) I am not go to Singkawang tomorrow
(?) Am I ga to Sngkawang tomorrow?
4. (+) She will write this lesson next week
(-) She will not write this lesson next week
(?) will She write this lesson next week?
5. (+) I shall go to Medan tomorrow
(-) I shall not go to Medan tomorrow
(?) Shall I go to Medan tomorrow?
B. FUNGSI SIMPLE FUTURE TENSES
a. digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan.
Ex: (+) I shall go to Surakarta tomorrow
(-) I shall not go to Surakarta tomorrow
(?) Shall I go to Surakarta tomorrow?
b. Juga bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan syatu janji.
Ex: (+) I shall give you book tomorrow
(-) I shall not give you book tomorrow
(?) Shall I give you book tomorrow?
c. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu janji,tapi dengan syarat:
Ex: (+) Your mother will give you a new car if you past your exams
(-) Your mother will not give you a new car if you past your exams
(?) Will your mother give you a new car if you past your exams?
d. Digunakan untuk menyantks\an meminta tolong kepada seseorang.
Ex: (+) you will help me lift this table
(-) You will not help me lift this table
(?) Will you help me lift this table?
C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Tomorrow
Ex: I shall work tomorrow
2. next week
Ex: I shall teach next week
3. Next Mounth
Ex: He will study in here next mounth
PAST FUTURE TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+should/would+V1+O
2. Negatif (-): S+should/would+not+V1+O
3. Introgatif (?): Should/would+S+V1+O
*Example:
1. (+) I should go to Mojosari next day
(-) I should not go to Mojosari next day
(?) Should I go to Mojosari next day?
2. (+) He would by a car the day before
(-) He would not by a car the day before
(?) Would He by a car the day before?
3. (+) He would come if you invited him
(-) He would not come if you invited him
(?) Would he come if you invited him?
4. (+) You would give me this pen last Saturday
(-) You would not give me this pen last Saturday
(?) Would you give me this pen last Saturday?
5. (+) She would have breakfast before at seven
(-) She would not have breakfast before at seven
(?) Would she have breakfast before at seven?
B. FUNGSI PAST FUTURE TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan pada masa lampau.
Ex: (+) I should go to England last year
(-) I should not go to England last year
(?) Should I go to England last year?
C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Last year
Ex: He would go to Semarang last year
2. Last week
Ex: They would trip a Paris last week
3. Before
Ex: I should by a car the day before
4. Next day
Ex: She should go to Riau next day
5. Invited
Ex: They would come if you invited him
PRESENT PERFECT TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Posituf (+) : S+have/has+V3+O
2. Negatif (-) : S+have/has+not+V3+O
3. Introgatif (?): Have/has+S+V3+O
*Example:
1. (+) We have learned English for two years
(-) We have not learned English for two years
(?) Have we learned English for two years?
2. (+) She has taught English since 1988
(-) She has not taught English since 1988
(?) Has she taught English since 1988?
3. (+) He has been to Jakarta before
(-) He has not been to Jakarta before
(?) Has he been to Jakarta before?
4. (+) He has a written a letter for thirty minutes
(-) He has not a written a letter for thirty minutes
(?) Has he a written a letter for thirty minutes?
5. (+) I have just spoken to him
(-) I have not just spoken to him
(?) Have I just spoken to him?
B. FUNGSI PRESENT PERFECT TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian di masa yang lampau tanpa menyebutkan waktu yang khusus (tertentu).
Ex: (+) I have gone to school
(-) I have not gone to school
(?) Have I gone to school?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan di masa lampau dan kegiatan masih berlangsung sampai saat ini.
Ex: (+) I have learned in the 2 Mei school since 2000
(-) I have not learned in the 2 Mei school since 2000
(?) Have I learned in the 2 Mei school since 2000?
c. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang baru saja telah terjadi.
Ex: (+) I have just read my book
(-) I have not just read my book
(?) Have I just read my book?
C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Already
Ex: have had breakfast already
2. Three Times
Ex: I have been drink medicine three times a day
3. Finally
Ex: finally, He has started to finally
PAST PERFECT TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+had+V3+O
2. Negatif (-): S+had not+V3+o
3. Intrigattif (?):Had+S+V3+O
*Example:
1. (+) The train had left before I arrived
(-) The train had not left before I arrived
(?) Had the train left before I arrived?
2. (+) I had copied the lesson before she come home
(-) I had not copied the lesson before she come home
(?) Had I copied the lesson before she come home?
3. (+) I had come home before I week three
(-) I had not come home before I week three
(?) Had I come home before I week three?
4. (+) I had written this lesson before he called me
(-) I had not written a lesson before he called me
(?) Had I written a lesson before he called me?
5. (+) When my brother arrived, I had painted my car
(-) When my brother arrived, I had not painted my car
(?) When my brother arrived, had I painted my car?
B. FUNGSI PAST PERFECT TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang selesai sebelum kejadian lain terjadi dimasa lampau.
Ex: (+) I had come home before I when three
(-) I had not come home before I when three
(?) Had I come home before I when three?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu dimasa yang lampau.
Ex: (+) By the end of the mounth, she had lived here
(-) By the end of the mounth, she had not lived here
(?) Had by the end of the mounth, she lived here?
C. TIME SIGNAL
1. On
Ex: On sunday morning, I painted my car
2. When
Ex: When my brother arrived, I had painted my car
3. Before
Ex: The train had left before I arrived
4. After
Ex: She told me her name after I had asked her twice
FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+shall/will+be+Ving+O
2. Negatif (-): S+shall/will+not+be+Ving+O
3. Introgatif (?): Shall/will+S+be+ving+O
*Example:
1. (+) I shall be waiting for you in this station at four
(-) I shall not be waiting for you in this station at four
(?) Shall I be waiting for you in this station at four?
2. (+) I shall be studying at this time tomorrow
(-) I shall not be studying at this time tomorrow
(?) Shall I be studying at this time tomorrow?
3. (+) I shall be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening
(-) I shall not be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening
(?) Shall I be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening?
4. (+) He will be working at this time tomorrow
(-) He will not be working at this time tomorrow
(?) Will he be working at this time tomorrow?
5. (+) She will going to be school together at seven o’clcok tomorrow
(-) She will not going to be school together at seven o’clock tomorrow
(?) Will she going to be school together at seven o’clock tomorrow?
B.FUNGSI FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu rencana, yang dilaksanakan mendatang.
Ex: (+) I will be going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow
(-) I will not going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow
(?) Will I going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow?
b. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan akan dilakukan dengan waktu tertentu, pada masa mendatang.
Ex: (+) I shall be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow
(-) I shall not be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow
(?) Shall I be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow?
C. TIME SIGNAL
1. At nine a o’clock tomorrow
Ex: I shall be working at nine a o’clock tomorrow morning
2. At this time next year
Ex: at this time next year, Peter will be traveling in Japan
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+have/has+been+Ving+O
2. Negatif (-): S+have/has+not+been+Ving+O
3. Itrogatif (?): Have/has+S+been+Ving+O
*Example:
1. (+) I have been going to Pantai Samudra for my holiday since 2002
(-) I have not going to Painting Samudra for my holiday since 2002
(?) Have I going to Pantai Samudra for my holiday since 2002?
2. (+) Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak has been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003
(-) Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak has not been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003
(?) Has Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003?
3. (+) She has been painting every day for a long time
(-) She has not painting every day for a long time
(?) Has she painting every day or along time?
4. (+) It has been raining since at six o’clock
(-) It has not been raining since at six o’clock
(?) Has it been raining since at six o’clock?
5. (+) The girl has been crying since he was a child
(-) The girl has not been crying since he was a child
(?) Has the girl been crying since has was a child?
B. FUNGSI PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk mnyatakan suatu perbuatan yang menjadi kebiasaan pada masa yang lampau, dan perbuatan itu masih berlangsung hingga saat ini.
Ex: (+) I have been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990
(-) I have not been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990
(?) Have I been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990?
b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah terjadi dimasa lampau dan akan berlangsung sampiai sekarang.
Ex: (+) I have been studying here since 2000
(-) I have not been studying here since 2000
(?) Have I been studying here since 2000?
C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Since
Ex: We have been waiting for you since ne o’clock
2. For
Ex: She has been studying English for over five tears
3. This mounth
Ex: I have been studying at his place this mounth
PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+had+been+vVng+O
2. Negatif (-) :S+had+not+been+Ving+O
3. Introgatif (?): Had+s+been+ving+o
*Example:
1. (+) Dodi had been looking for the girl for a year before he applied her
(-) Dodi had not been looking for the girl for a year before heapplied her
(?) Had Dodi been looking for the girl for a year before he applied her?
2. (+) I had been playing a football when they came
(-) I had not been playing a football when they came
(?) Had I been playing a football when they came?
3. (+) She had been cooking a vegetable when he came
(-) She had not been cooking a vegetable when he came
(?) had she been cooking a vegetable when he came?
4. (+) When I came, his father had been leaving for six hours
(-) When I came, his father had not been leaving for six hours
(?) When I came, had his father been leaving for six hours?
5. (+) I had been waiting for you since at seven o’clock
(-) I had not been waiting for you since at seven o’clock
(?) Had I been waiting for you since at seven o’clock?
B. FUNGSI PASTPERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung lama
sebelum kejadian yang lain di masa yang lampau juga.
Ex: (+) I had been looking for the Ichigo for two week before we meet
(-) I had not been looking for the Ichigo for two week before we meet
(?) Had I been looking for the Ichigo for two week before we meet?
C. TIME SIGNAL
1. When
Ex: I finished my dinner, Peter had been
FUTURE PERFECT TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+will/shall+have+V3+O
2. negatif (-) : S+will/shall+not+have+V3+O
3. Introgatif (?): Will/shall+S+have+V3+O
*Example:
1. (+) She will have written his lesson by time he go out
(-) She will not have written his lesson by time he go out
(?) Will she have written his lesson by time he go out?
2. (+) The game will finished by the time he get three
(-) The game will not finished by the time he get three
(?) Will the game finished by the time he get three?
3. (+) I shall have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow
(-) I shall not have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow
(?) Shall I have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow?
4. (+) We shall have played a basketball when he came
(-) We shall not have played a basketball when he came
(?) Shall we have played a basketball when he came?
5. (+) When my uncle comes tomorrow, my grandmother will have left my house
(-) When my uncle comes tomorrow, my grandmother will not have left my house
(?) When my uncle comes tomorrow, will my grandmother have left my house?
B. FUNGSI FUTURE PERFECT TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbutan yang akan selesai, Sebelum waktu yang lain dimasa mendatang.
Ex: (+) By next week he will have read this book
(-) By next week he will not have read this book
(?) Will by next week he have read trhis book?
b. Juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa akn selesai sebelum perbuatan lain, dimasa yang akan datang.
Ex: (+) When I comes, my uncle will have left my house
(-) When I comes,my uncle will not have left my house
(?) Will when I comes,my uncle have left my house?
C.TIME SIGNAL
1. By the end of
Ex: John will have done his work by the end of this week
2. By next
Ex: By next week he will have read this book
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+shall/will+have+been+Ving+O
2. Negatif (-): S+shall+will+not+have+been+Ving+O
3. Introgatif (?):Shall/will+S+have+been+Ving+O
*Example:
1. (+) I shall have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow
(-) I shall not have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow
(?) Shall I have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow?
2. (+) By next fast day I shall have been teaching here six mounths
(-) By next fast day I shall not have been teaching here six mounths
(?) By next fast day shall I have been teaching here six mounths?
3. (+) Next moon Hevy will have been studying here for two years
(-) Next moon Hevy will not have been studying here for two years
(?) Next moon will Hevy have been studying here for two years?
4. (+) Next week Bu Yusni will have been teaching at SMK 2 MEI school for one years
(-) Next week Bu Yusni will not have been teaching at SMK 2 MEI school for one year
(?) Next week will Bu Yusni have been teaching at SMK 2 MEI school for one year?
5. (+) He will have been working in the office at this time tomorrow
(-) He will not have been working in the office at this time tomorrow
(?) Will he have been working in the office at this time tomorrow?
B. FUNGSI FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah dikerakan pada masa yang lampau,dan masih berlangsung pada waktu tertentu dimasa yang akan datang.
Ex: By the end of this year we shall have been studying Jerman for five year
C. TIME SIGNAL
1. By the end of this year
Ex: by the end of this year we shall have been studying Jerman for four year
2. By the end of this month
Ex: By the end of this month, I shall have been working in this office for five years
FUTURE PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+should/would+be+Ving+O
2. Negatif (-): S+should/would+not+be+V.ing+O
3. Introgatif (?): Should/would+S+be+V.ing+O
*Example:
1. (+) I should be finishing this home work at this time following week
(-) I should not be finishing this home work at this time following week
(?) Should I be finishing this home work at this time following week?
2. (+) We should be going to beach the following week
(-) We should not be going to beach the following week
(?) Should we be going to beach the following week?
3. (+) He would be flag ceremony at this time the following day
(-) He would not be flag ceremony at this time the following day
(?) Would he be flag ceremony at this time the following day?
4. (+) She would be finishing this job at this time following moon
(-) She would not be finishing this job at this time following moon
(?) Would she be finishing this job at this time following moon?
5. (+) They would be having examination at this time the following year
(-) They would not be having examination at this time the following year
(?) Would they be having examination at this time the following year?
B. FUNGSI FUTURE PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang akan sedang dilakukan pada masa yang lampau.
Ex: I should be taking an examination at this time the following day
C. TIME SIGNAL
Last week
Ex: At six o’clock last week, I should be buying in this supermarket
FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+should/would+have+V2+O
2. Negatif (-): S+should/would+not+have+V2+O
3. Introgatif (?): Should/would+S+not+have+V2+O
*Example:
1. (+) I should have paif if I had come here
(-) I should not have paif if I had come here
(?) Should I have paif if I had come here?
2. (+) He would have sucses if he had worked here
(-) He would not have sucses if he had worked here
(?) Would he have sucses if he had worked here?
3. (+) She would have graduated if she had studied hard
(-) She would not have graduated if she had studied hard
(?) Would she have graduated if she had studied hard?
4. (+) I hoped that you would have married before you worked here
(-) I hoped not that you would have married before you worked here
(?) Would I hoped that you have married before you worked here?
5. (+) I hoped that you would have paif before you come here
(-) I hoped not that you would have paif before you come here
(?) Would I hoped that you have paif before you come hare?
B. FUNGSI FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena syarat yang tidak terpenuhi, namun hanya sebagai bayangan saja.
Ex: (+) He would have graduated if he had studied hard
(-) He would not have graduated if he had studied hard
(?) Would he have graduated if he had studied hard?
C. TIME SIGNAL
1. If he had studied hard
Ex: They would have graduated if they had studied hard
FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
*Rumus:
1. Positif (+): S+should/would+have+been+V.ing+O
2. Negatif (-): S+should/would+not+have+been+V.ing+O
3. Inttrogatif (?): Should/would+S+have+been+V.ing+O
*Example:
1. (+) By last Febuary I should have been working this restaurant for one year
(-) By last Febuary I should not have been working this restaurant for one year
(?) should by last Febuary I have been working this restaurant for one year?
2. (+) By last July we should have been studying this school for three years
(-) By last July we should not have been studying this school for three year
(?) Should by last July we have been studying this school for three years?
3. (+) By last fast day he would have been living this apartement for five years
(-) By last fast day he would not have been living this apartement for five years
(?) Would by last fast day he have been living this apartement for five years?
4. (+) She would have been teaching English for one years by last Friday
(-) She would not have been teaching English for one years by last Friday
(?) Would she have been teaching English for one years by last Friday?
5. (+) The magazine would have been red by Anis
(-) The magazine would not have been red by Anis
(?) Would the magazine have been red by Anis?
B. FUNGSI FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah sedang berlangsung pada waktu yang lampau.
Ex: (+) By last lebaran I should have been working in that office for five years
(-) By last lebaran I should not have been working in that office for five years
(?) Should by last lebaran I have been working in that office for five years?
C. TIME SIGNAL
1. By the end of this week
Ex: By the ed of this week, I should have come here
2. By the end of this mounth
Ex: By the end of this mounth, He would have graduated studied
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